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However, the systems that deliver these engineered materials come with local and global pressures on the environment. Access to raw materials that enable these technologies, termed here as вЂ technology materialsвЂ™, is critical to the energy transition. The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs), along with the deployment of solar photovoltaic and wind power, are considered three major technologies for decarbonization 3 (Fig. The transition to renewable energy, especially the electrification of transportation systems, will require a notable quantity of technology metals and materials 1, 2. By applying these approaches at the development phase of projects, a future low-carbon economy can be achieved that is built from ingredients with a lower environmental impact. Combining these two approaches allows for more accurate and dynamic optimization of technology materials resource efficiency, based on in situ ore properties and process simulations. In the geometallurgy approach, geologists select exploration targets with resource characteristics that lend themselves to lower environmental impacts, often considering factors throughout the exploration and development process. Life cycle assessments are an effective way of understanding the system-wide impacts associated with material production, from ore in the ground to a refined chemical product ready to be used in advanced technologies such as batteries. In this Review, we propose an integrated life cycle assessment and geometallurgical approach to optimize the technical performance and reduce the environmental impact of raw material extraction. Understanding the impacts of the raw materials underpinning the low-carbon economy is essential for eliminating any dissonance between the benefits of renewable technologies and the impacts associated with the production of the raw materials. Production of these materials (from mining to manufacturing) incurs environmental costs that vary widely, depending on the geology, mineralogy, extraction routes, type of product, purity of product, background system or manufacturing infrastructure.

The transition to a low-carbon economy will be material-intensive.

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